05+Hematology

 Hematology Chapter 13

//According to dictionary.com, Hematology is the study of the nature, function, and diseases of the blood and of blood forming organs. With so many variables and dynamic parts the blood and circulatory system can be quite the handful. This chapter covers several areas of the circulatory system. These areas include functions and components of the circulatory system, composition of the blood, structure of the heart, cardiac cycle, electrical activity of the heart, blood vessels, atherosclerosis and cardiac arrhythmias, and the lymphatic system. Three of the more interesting and dynamic topics would be the blood composition, blood vessels, and the disease of atherosclerosis. // Source (Physiology Book)
 * __//﻿ ////Content Summary //__**

//First off, the composition of the blood could be one of the more interesting things that anyone can study. To start things off plasma is the liquid part of blood, and this is where hormones are found. There are three main forms of blood when it is considered as an element. These three forms are the platelets, ////leukocytes ////, and the ////erythrocytes ////. Platelets are essential in the action of blood clotting, and can also be called thrombocytes. The ////leukocytes //// are functional and helpful in immunity. There are granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes. Within the granular division consists of esosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils. The agranular division consists of lymphocytes and monocytes. Each of these different subdivisions has a different function within the body. Lastly, ////erythrocytes //// are the red blood cells which are responsible for the transportation of oxygen to all the parts of the body, and also contain hemoglobin. Red and white blood cells are produced by two different methods. Red blood cells are produced by erythropoietin, while white blood cells are the direct results of cytokins. Everyone has heard of the different blood types, and those types are sorted by the ABO and the Rh systems. The different blood types all get their identities from the specific type of antigen found on the red blood cells surfaces. // Source (Physiology Book)

[|BLOOD TYPES]

media type="youtube" key="CRh_dAzXuoU" height="390" width="480" align="center"

//Another main point of the chapter are the blood vessels. The blood vessels are composed of 3 layers which can also be called tunics. These three layers are the externa, interna, and media. Elastin fibers separate the tunica interna from the tunica media. The tunica interna is composed of a single layer of endothelium. The tunica media is the middle layer and composed of smooth muscle. And of course like it’s name states the tunica externa is the outermost layer. Because the blood pressure and levels are always rising and falling, the large arteries that carry the blood have to be able to expand and contract in order to be able to keep up. Falling blood pressure causes the arteries to contract and become smaller, while the rising pressure causes an expansion in the artery. The smaller arteries have a smaller margin of inflation and deflation, and because of this they cause a greater resistance to blood flow. The capillaries are the most abundant of all the kinds of blood vessels. These cells are important because they allow the transfer of materials between the blood and the surrounding tissues. One single layer of endothelial cells creates a capillary wall. Veins are comparably thinner in the muscle department than arteries. Although veins are made up of the same three tunics that compose an artery, thus they can expand to hold a much larger quantity of blood because there is less resistance. Veins cannot force the blood back to the heart because they are too weak, so they actually need the help of the skeletal muscles that surround them. // Source (Physiology Book)



//Among the major causes of death is Atherosclerosis. When atherosclerosis occurs there is a blockage in the arteries that obstructs the blood flow to the heart and the brain. This disease is so common, and so fatal that it accounts for 50% of all deaths in the United States, Japan, and Europe. Atherosclerosis begins with some sort of damage to the endothelium. Soon after the injury occurs the monocytes and the lymphocytes reach the tunica interna. The monocytes begin to transform into macrophages that in turn destroy the lipids. Extracellular matrix is then discharged by the smooth muscle. The risk of getting such a disorder is very frightening. Some factors that put an individual at a higher risk include: smoking, hypertension, and high plasma cholesterol concentration. // Source (Physiology Book)

media type="youtube" key="OHE1ig4k64M" height="390" width="480" align="center"

__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 220%;">Application **//__ //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Being as interested in the field of nursing that I am, the topic of hematology is a very interesting and important subject. The interest for me derives from the ability of blood to clot, and stop bleeding of the vessels in the body. Without this action we would bleed out all too often. The blood type of an individual has a large impact on many things that he or she may receive when they are in need of medical attention. The importance of blood type could either cost or save a life. One simple mistake could cause someone to get the wrong type of blood and from there on things can become very ugly, very fast. Blood transfusions and organ transplants are very dependent on blood type. A family friend was selfless enough to donate a kidney to a close friend in need. When I first heard about this I had the thought in my head if I were in the same situation would I do the same? The risk is enough to scare some people away, but the reward is too appetizing for some to turn down the offer. //

__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 220%;">Essential Questions **//__ //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">On a molecular level, when two different types of blood are transfused together the two bloods in essence fight each other. For instance, if an individual with A+ blood is accidentally given B+ in a transfusion there would be a major problem. The host’s original blood type would attack the invading blood type. The B antibodies from the A+ blood would attack the B antigens from the B+ blood. The red blood cells would eventually burst causing agglutination. Soon the red blood cells would burst spreading a lethal dose of hemoglobin to areas outside of the cell where it does not belong. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Type O-negative blood does not have any antigens. It is called the universal donor type because it is compatible with any blood type. Type AB-positive blood is called the universal recipient type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type. //


 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">ABO Blood type // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">CAN Donate Red Cells to // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">CAN Receive Red cells from // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Antigen // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Antibody // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">O+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">O+, A+, B+, AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">O+, O- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Neither // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Anti-A & B // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">0- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">UNIVERSAL DONOR // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">O- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Neither // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Anti-A & B // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A+, AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A+, A-, O+, O- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Anti-B // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A-, A+, AB-, AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A-, O- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Anti-B // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B+, AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B+, B-, O+, O- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Anti-A // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B-, B+, AB-, AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B-, O- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">B // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Anti-A // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Neither // ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB- // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB-, AB+ // || //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB-, A-, B-, O- // || <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">AB || <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">Neither ||